Poyamba, mvuu zimaoneka ngati nyama zofatsa komanso zochedwa. Kupatula njovu, zomwe ndi zazikulu kuposa izo, ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri mu Africa. Zimakhalanso zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zachangu, zomwe kuphatikiza ndi kukula kwake zimawapangitsa kukhala amodzi mwa nyama zowopsa kwambiri za ku Africa. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amathera m’madzi ndipo achibale awo apamtima ndi anamgumi, iwo ndi osauka osambira koma othamanga kwambiri pamtunda. Tsoka ilo, nyamazi zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo zamoyozo zadziwika kuti zitha kutha.
1
Mvuu (Mvuu) ndi nyama yamtundu wa mvuu yochokera ku banja la mvuu (Hippopotamidae).
Mvuu zimadziwika ndi thupi lalikulu, khungu lopindika, pafupifupi lopanda tsitsi, komanso minofu yambiri yamafuta ochepa. Amakhala moyo wam'madzi ndipo amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Mvuu, pamodzi ndi mabanja ena, ali m'gulu la Artiodactyla, lomwe limaphatikizapo, mwa ena: ngamila, ng'ombe, nswala ndi nkhumba. Ngakhale zili choncho, mvuu sizigwirizana kwambiri ndi nyama zimenezi.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mvuu masiku ano: mvuu ya Nile ndi pygmy mvuu (mtundu waung'ono kwambiri womwe umapezeka m'nkhalango zamvula ndi madambo a ku West Africa).
Mpaka 1985, akatswiri a zachilengedwe anaika mvuu m'magulu ndi nkhumba zoweta potengera kapangidwe ka mano awo. Deta yopezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa mapuloteni a magazi, maselo a phylogeny (njira za chitukuko cha makolo, chiyambi ndi kusintha kwachisinthiko), DNA ndi zotsalira zakale zimasonyeza kuti achibale awo apamtima ndi cetaceans - anamgumi, porpoises, dolphin, etc. General Kholo la anamgumi ndi mvuu. adasiyana ndi ma artiodactyls ena pafupifupi zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo.
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Mtundu wa Mvuwu umaphatikizapo zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka ku Africa.
Iyi ndi mvuu ya mu Nile ( Hippopotamus amphibius ), dzina lake limachokera ku Chigiriki chakale ndipo limatanthauza “kavalo wa mtsinje” ( ἱπποπόταμος).
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Mvuu ndi imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri zoyamwitsa.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, munthu woteroyo ndi wovuta kuyeza kuthengo. Ziwerengero zimasonyeza kuti kulemera kwa amuna akuluakulu ndi 1500-1800 kg. Akazi ndi ochepa kuposa amuna, kulemera kwawo ndi 1300-1500 kg. Amuna okalamba amatha kulemera kuposa 3000 kg. Mvuu zimafika polemera kwambiri pa moyo wawo. Akazi amalemera kwambiri akafika zaka 25 zakubadwa.
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Mvuu zimafika kutalika kwa 3,5-5 metres ndi 1,5 metres mu utali pamene zimafota.
Mutu ukhoza kulemera mpaka 225 kg. Nyamazi zimatha kutsegula pakamwa pao mpaka mita imodzi m'lifupi, ndipo kutalika kwa mano kumafika mpaka 1 cm.
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Mvuu zimakhala ndi moyo wokonda kuyendayenda.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi masana ndipo amagwira ntchito madzulo komanso usiku. Kenako amapita kumtunda n’kumatafuna udzu m’madambo pafupi ndi madzi (amadyanso zomera za m’madzi). Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kukwera mpaka 8 km kumtunda.
Pamtunda, ngakhale kukula kwawo kwakukulu, amatha kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa anthu. Liwiro lawo akhoza kuyambira 30 mpaka 40, ndipo nthawi zina 50 Km/h, koma pa mtunda waufupi, mpaka mazana angapo mamita.
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Ali ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Matupi awo ndi ooneka ngati mbiya komanso opanda tsitsi. Bristles amapezeka kokha pakamwa ndi mchira. Miyendo ndi yaifupi, mutu ndi waukulu. Mafupa awo amasinthidwa kuti athe kupirira kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama; madzi omwe amakhalamo amachepetsa kulemera kwawo chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa thupi. Maso, makutu ndi mphuno zili pamwamba pa denga la chigaza, chifukwa nyama zimenezi akhoza pafupifupi kumizidwa m'madzi ndi silt wa mitsinje otentha. Zinyama zimazizira pansi pamadzi, zomwe zimateteza kuti zisapse ndi dzuwa.
Mvuu zimadziwikanso ndi nyanga zazitali (pafupifupi 30 cm) ndi zala zinayi zolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba.
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Khungu lawo, pafupifupi 4 centimita wokhuthala, limapanga 25% ya kulemera kwa thupi lawo.
Zimatetezedwa ku dzuwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimabisa, chomwe ndi fyuluta yachilengedwe ya dzuwa. Kutuluka kumeneku, komwe sikuli magazi kapena thukuta, poyamba kumakhala kopanda mtundu, pakapita mphindi zochepa kumasanduka kufiira ngati lalanje ndipo pamapeto pake kumakhala kofiirira. Amapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya inki (yofiira ndi lalanje) yomwe imakhala ndi asidi amphamvu, ndipo mtundu wofiyira ulinso ndi bacteriostatic properties ndipo mwina ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo. Kuwala kwa mitundu yonse iwiriyi kumakhala ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komwe kumateteza mvuu ku kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mtundu wa katulutsidwe kake, mvuu amati “zimatuluka thukuta magazi.”
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Mvuu zimakhala zaka 40 kuthengo ndi zaka 50 zili m’ndende.
Mvuu yakale kwambiri yodziwika bwino yomwe imakhala kundende ku Evansville Zoo ku Indiana inali mvuu "Donna", yomwe idakhala kumeneko zaka 56. Mvuu imodzi yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, Hipolis wazaka 55, adamwalira mu 2016 ku Chorzow Zoo. Anakhala ndi bwenzi limodzi, Khamba, kwa zaka 45. Onse pamodzi anali ndi zidzukulu 14. Khamba anamwalira mu 2011.
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Kuwonjezera pa kudya, mvuu zimathera moyo wawo wonse m’madzi.
Amakhala kumeneko mpaka maola 16 patsiku ngati njira yoziziritsira. Amakhala makamaka m'malo okhala m'madzi opanda mchere, koma anthu aku West Africa amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo amapezekanso panyanja. Si anthu odziwa kusambira - amasambira pa liwiro la 8 km/h. Akuluakulu sangathe kusambira m'madzi, koma amangoima m'madzi osaya. Ana amatha kuyandama pamwamba pa madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amasambira, kusuntha miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Amabwera pamwamba kudzapuma mphindi 4-6 zilizonse. Ana amatha kutseka mphuno zawo akamizidwa m'madzi. Kukwera ndi kupuma kumachitika zokha, ndipo ngakhale mvuu yomwe ikugona pansi pa madzi imatuluka popanda kudzuka.
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Mvuu zimaswana m’madzi ndipo zimabadwira m’madzi.
Akazi amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka 5-6, ndipo amuna pa zaka 7,5. Amuna awiri amatsagana m'madzi. Mimba imatha miyezi 8. Mvuu ndi imodzi mwa nyama zochepa zomwe zimabadwa pansi pa madzi. Ana amabadwa ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 25 mpaka 45 ndipo pafupifupi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 127. Nthawi zambiri mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi amabadwa, ngakhale kuti mimba amapasa zimachitika. Kudyetsa nyama zazing'ono ndi mkaka wa mayi kumapezekanso m'madzi, ndipo kuyamwa kumachitika pakatha chaka.
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Amapeza chakudya makamaka pamtunda.
Amatha maola anayi kapena asanu pa tsiku akudya ndipo amatha kudya chakudya chokwana makilogalamu 68 nthawi imodzi. Amadya makamaka udzu, pang'ono pa zomera za m'madzi, ndipo pakalibe zakudya zomwe amakonda, zomera zina. Palinso zochitika zodziwika bwino za khalidwe la mkangaziwisi, khalidwe lodya nyama, kudya nyama, ngakhale kudya nyama, ngakhale kuti m'mimba mwa mvuu sizimasinthidwa kuti zigaye chakudya cha nyama. Ili ndi khalidwe losakhala lachibadwa, mwina chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya zoyenera.
Olemba magazini yotchedwa Mammal Review amatsutsa kuti mvuu ndi yachibadwa. Malingaliro awo, gulu ili la nyama limadziwika ndi chakudya cha nyama, popeza achibale awo apamtima, anamgumi, ndi odya nyama.
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Mvuu zimangokhala m'madzi.
Kuwerenga maubwenzi a mvuu ndikovuta chifukwa alibe dimorphism yogonana - amuna ndi akazi samadziwika. Ngakhale kuti amakhalabe ogwirizana, sapanga mayanjano. M'madzi, amuna olamulira amateteza gawo lina la mtsinje, pafupifupi mamita 250, pamodzi ndi akazi pafupifupi 10. Chigawo chachikulu kwambiri choterechi chili ndi anthu pafupifupi 100. Madera awa amatsatiridwa ndi malamulo ophatikizana. Pali kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mumagulu - iwo amagawidwa ndi kugonana. Podyetsa, samawonetsa chibadwa cha malo.
Mu 2006, mvuu zinayikidwa m'gulu la anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kutha pa Red List of Threatened Species yopangidwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ndipo chiwerengero chawo chikuyembekezeka pafupifupi anthu 125. nkhope.
Choopsa chachikulu kwa mvuu ndikuzichotsa m'madzi opanda mchere.
Anthu amaphanso nyamazi chifukwa cha nyama, mafuta, khungu komanso mano awo.
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Pakali pano, mvuu za mu Nile zimangokhala chapakati ndi kum’mwera kwa Africa.
Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu oases, nyanja ndi mitsinje ya Sudan, Somalia, Kenya ndi Uganda, komanso Ghana, Gambia, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia ndi Zimbabwe.
M’nyengo ya madzi oundana yomalizira, mvuu zinkakhalanso kumpoto kwa Africa ngakhalenso ku Ulaya, chifukwa zimazoloŵera moyo wa kumalo ozizira, malinga ngati zinali ndi malo osungira madzi oundana. Komabe, iwo anawonongedwa ndi munthu.
21
Chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo Pablo Escobar, mvuu zinapezekanso ku Colombia.
Nyamazo zinabweretsedwa kumalo osungirako zinyama a Escobar pa famu ya Hacienda Napoles m’zaka za m’ma 80. Poyamba ng’ombezo zinali zazikazi zitatu ndi yaimuna imodzi. Escobar atamwalira mu 1993, nyama zachilendo zochokera kumalo osungiramo nyama zachinsinsizi zinasamutsidwira kumalo ena, koma mvuu zinatsalira. Zinali zovuta kupeza mayendedwe a nyama zazikuluzikuluzi, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zidakhala moyo wawo popanda kuvutitsa aliyense.
22
"Mvuu za Cocaine" (zomwe zimatchedwa chifukwa cha ntchito ya eni ake) zafalikira kale makilomita 100 kuchokera kumalo awo oyambirira kukhala.
Masiku ano, pali ochulukirachulukira mumtsinje wa Magdalena, ndipo anthu okhala ku Medellin ndi madera ozungulira azolowera kale kuyandikira kwawo - akhala malo okopa alendo.
Akuluakulu a boma saona kuti kukhalapo kwa mvuu kuli vuto pakalipano, koma m’tsogolo, chiwerengero cha mvuu chikachuluka kufika pa 400-500, chikhoza kukhala chiwopsezo ku moyo wa nyama zina zomwe zimadya m’madera omwewo.
Kukhalapo kosalamulirika kwa nyama zazikuluzikuluzi kungasokoneze kwambiri chilengedwe cha m’deralo.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku, chimbudzi cha mvuu (chimbudzi m'madzi) chimasintha mlingo wa okosijeni m'madzi, zomwe zingakhudze osati zamoyo zokha, komanso anthu.
Nyamazi zimawononganso mbewu ndipo zimatha kukhala zaukali - bambo wina wazaka 45 adavulala kwambiri atagwidwa ndi mvuu ya cocaine.
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Kuthekera kowononga mvuu za Escobar kunkaganiziridwa, koma maganizo a anthu anatsutsa zimenezo.
Enrique Cerda Ordonez, katswiri wa zamoyo pa yunivesite ya National of Colombia, akukhulupirira kuti kuthena nyamazi kungakhale njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli, ngakhale kuti chifukwa cha kukula kwake kungakhale kovuta kwambiri.
