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Chifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira kuchiza njuchi kuchokera ku nkhupakupa: momwe tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tingawononge banja la njuchi

Wolemba nkhaniyi
491 mawonedwe
12 min. za kuwerenga

Matenda ofalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa angayambitse imfa ya njuchi yonse. Choncho, m'pofunika bwino ndi yake pokonza ming'oma. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene kuchitira njuchi ku nkhupakupa m'chaka.

General makhalidwe a njuchi nthata

Njuchi zimakhudzidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya nthata, zonse zomwe ndi zazing'ono kwambiri kukula kwake, kotero ndizosamveka kuziwona pa matupi a tizilombo. Mutha kuziwona kokha ndi zizindikiro, khalidwe la tizilombo. Choncho, ndikofunika nthawi zonse kuyendera ming'oma kuti musaphonye. Kupatula apo, ndi gulu lalikulu la njuchi ndi nthata, zimatha kufa.

Nkhupakupa pa njuchi.

Waukulu mitundu ya nkhupakupa kuwonongeka

Mitundu ingapo ya matenda ofalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa mu njuchi yadziwika. Kuti amenyane bwino, m`pofunika kudziwa kuti tiziromboti anayambitsa chikhalidwe cha uchi tizilombo.

Acarapidosis
Acarapidosis, acariosis kapena acariosis matenda ndi matenda a njuchi wamkulu uchi. Zimayambitsidwa ndi tarsonemid mite Acarapis, yotchedwa tracheal mite. Kukula kwa nkhupakupa ndi pafupifupi ma microns 150. Ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amkati mwa kupuma, kukhala ndi kuberekana makamaka mu ziwiya zazikulu za prothoracic trachea ya tizilombo. Nkhupakupa zimadya pa hemolymph ya mwiniwakeyo. Pathological zochitika mu matenda njuchi zimadalira chiwerengero cha tiziromboti mu trachea ndipo amayamba chifukwa onse mawotchi kuwonongeka ndi zokhudza thupi dysfunctions chifukwa airway kutsekeka, kuwonongeka kwa tracheal makoma ndi hemolymph prolapse. Kubala kumachitika mkati mwa trachea ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, pomwe nthata zazikazi zimatha kuikira mazira 8-20.
Varroatosis
Matenda a mite varroatosis amayamba ndi ectoparasite Varroa destructor. Tizilombo tachilendo timeneti timayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku njuchi. Destructor ndi ectoparasitic mite yomwe imawononga magawo onse a moyo wa mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo ta uchi. The causative wothandizira matenda amakhala mu banja njuchi chaka chonse, kudyetsa hemolymph wa mphutsi ndi akuluakulu tizilombo, kuchititsa kufowoka ndi imfa ya dzombe, ngati achire si kumwedwa. Ectoparasite ndi chonyamulira cha matenda ambiri a bakiteriya, mavairasi ndi mafangasi, kumayambitsa matenda osakanikirana m'mabanja a njuchi. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza varroatosis ndi othandiza kwambiri ndipo amatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma ectoparasites m'madera awo.
euvarroz
Euvarrosis imayambitsidwa ndi Euvarroa sinhai Delfinado mite. Zinayamba kufotokozedwa mu 1974. Zizindikiro za matendawa ndi zofanana ndi za varroatosis, koma tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timangowononga drones. Kusiyana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuti nkhupakupa zamtunduwu ndi zozungulira. Euvarroa amadya hemolymph, monga momwe Varro amaberekera. Nthawi yakukula kuchokera ku dzira mpaka wamkulu ndi masiku 5-7 kwa amuna ndi akazi. Yaikazi imayamba kukwatiwa ndikuikira mazira patangopita masiku angapo pambuyo pa molt yoyamba. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadziphatika m’mimba mwa njuchi ndikupha ana.
Tracheal mite
The tracheal mite ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi kuswana mu trachea ya njuchi za uchi. Wamkulu tracheal nthata adzalowerera tracheal dongosolo la njuchi, kumene wamkazi kuikira mazira kuti kukhwima mu 10-15 masiku. Mu tracheal system, mazira amaswa mpaka akuluakulu, zomwe zimayambitsa kutsekeka kwa kupuma. Machubu opumira otsekeka amachepetsa mpweya wopita ku njuchi zazikulu, ndipo pamapeto pake zimafa.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za matenda mng'oma

Kuwongolera nkhupakupa ndikovuta chifukwa zizindikiro za matenda sizingawonekere poyamba. Komabe, ngati muyang'ana ming'oma nthawi ndi nthawi, mungapeze nkhupakupa zakufa mmenemo - ichi ndi chizindikiro choyamba cha matenda. Amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njuchi zakufa ndi ma drones zimapezekanso pansipa. Ngati banja likukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi tizirombo, padzakhala chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo.

Pa kukula, nthata kufooketsa tizilombo ndi parasitize iwo.

Amakhala mwa achikulire komanso tizilombo tating'ono. Majeremusi overwinter pa akuluakulu tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa chifuwa ndi mimba.

Zizindikiro zina za matenda:

  • njuchi zazing'ono ndi zopunduka kapena zosatukuka;
  • mapiko a anthu ogwira ntchito amawonongeka;
  • kufooka kwa tizilombo;
  • imfa ya mabanja, makamaka nyama zazing'ono;
  • kuchepa kwa uchi.
Matenda a mite nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi machiritso, ziribe kanthu kuti nsabwe zamtundu wanji zimagwira njuchi. Tizilombo tating’ono ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timawononga tizilombo, koma tikamakula, njuchi zimafooka. Kupanga kachulukidwe kakang'ono kumachepa ndipo chikhalidwe cha gululi chidzawonongeka.
Matenda ndi zotheka nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Posankha njira yabwino yothandizira, ganizirani za mphamvu ya koloni (osati njira zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pagulu lofooka) ndi nyengo. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapoizoni potola uchi.

Monga njira yodzitetezera, alimi a njuchi amachita mankhwala awiri - mu November asananyamuke m'nyengo yozizira komanso kumayambiriro kwa masika.

Kodi njuchi zimadwala bwanji?

Infection imapezeka kuchokera ku tizilombo todwala. Nthawi zina njuchi zimatha kuba uchi m'ming'oma yoyandikana nayo. Ngati ming'oma ili pafupi ndi malo owetera njuchi ya munthu wina, momwe muli mng'oma wokhala ndi njuchi zodwala, ndiye kuti chiopsezo cha matenda ndi chachikulu. Komanso njuchi zimatha kutenga matenda kudzera m’maluwa. Odwala uchi zomera kusiya nthata pa mungu.

Kulimbana ndi Varroa Mite. Njira zolimbana ndi Varroa. Malo Anga Owetera.

Momwe matendawa amayambira

Matendawa amakula msanga, chifukwa pa njuchi imodzi pangakhale nthata 7. Zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi cha tizilombo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale matenda ena opatsirana a uchi. Njuchi zimakhala zolefuka, zosatha kuuluka. Ana amabadwa ofooka, ochepa, osatha kuuluka.

Zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani

Njuchi zambiri zakufa zimawonekera mumng'oma, zomwe gululo limachotsa. Ndi matenda aakulu, ngati matendawa sakudziwika mu nthawi, mukhoza kutaya njuchi yonse.

Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuchiza njuchi

M'pofunika kuchita chithandizo mu kasupe ndi autumn kuti onse kuchiza ndi kupewa nkhupakupa amafalitsidwa ndi tizilombo matenda. M'chaka, processing nthawi zambiri ikuchitika mu March kukonzekera dzombe ntchito chilimwe. M'dzinja, njira zochiritsira komanso zodzitetezera zimachitidwanso, chifukwa ngati nkhupakupa sizikuwonongeka panthawi ino ya chaka, ndiye kuti njuchi sizidzatha kuzizira ndipo zidzafa.

Zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuchiza njuchi zimadalira mankhwala omwe asankhidwa. Njira zama mankhwala zimakulolani kuti muchotse nkhupakupa muzamankhwala a 1-2. Folk njira musati kwathunthu amakulolani kuchotsa matenda. Zoyenera kuchita pokonza ming'oma zimadalira kuchuluka kwa matenda a njuchi.

Kodi kudziwa kukhalapo kwa nkhupakupa mumng'oma

Mlingo wa matenda a njuchi ndi mite angadziŵike motere. Tengani mtsuko wa lita ndikusankha njuchi 20 pamafelemu angapo.

Tsekani mtsukowo ndi chivindikiro chokhala ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono, kenako tsatirani izi:

  1. Thirani madzi mu saucepan, ikani moto.
  2. Ikani mtsukowo mu poto pamwamba pa osamba madzi.
  3. Bweretsani madzi ku 50 ℃.
  4. Pa kutentha, nthata kugwa kutali njuchi.
  5. Bweretsani madzi kuwira ndikuchotsa mtsukowo.
  6. Werengani kuchuluka kwa nkhupakupa.

Ngati matendawa ndi ochepera 0,5%, njira zodzitetezera zokha zomwe zingatengedwe.

Njuchi zodzala ndi nthata.

Mitundu ya mankhwala odana ndi nkhupakupa njuchi

Pofuna kuthana ndi nkhupakupa, njira zonse ndi zabwino, chifukwa mutha kutaya njuchi yonse. Mlimi aliyense amadzisankhira yekha momwe chithandizocho chiyenera kukhalira. Achitika:

  • kutentha;
  • zamoyo;
  • mankhwala.
Kutentha
Njira zakuthupi zimachokera ku ntchito ya kutentha. Njuchi zimatsekeredwa mu chipinda chapadera ndipo zimatenthedwa ndi kutentha. Kutentha kwa chipinda sikuyenera kupitirira +48 ℃, nthawi yokonza sikuyenera kupitirira mphindi 15. Kutentha mankhwala adzakhala bwino kumayambiriro kasupe ndi mochedwa autumn. Kutentha kwakunja sikuyenera kupitirira +12 ℃ - kutentha uku, njuchi siziwuluka ndipo mutha kukonza aliyense mosavuta. Komanso pa nthawi imeneyi, nthata pamwamba pa tizilombo zonyamulira ndipo mwamsanga kufa. Kuti muchite izi, kaseti yokhala ndi funnel imayikidwa kutsogolo kwa mng'oma. Njuchizo zimagwedezedwa kudzera m’nthano m’kaseti ndikuziika m’chipinda chofunda. Kumapeto kwa mankhwala, iwo anagwedezeka kubwerera mumng'oma.
Utsi
Mfuti yautsi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga njuchi. Iwo wodzazidwa ndi njira ya mankhwala, ndi mng'oma kukonzedwa. Asanayambe kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, madziwo amatenthedwa ndi kusanduka nthunzi, monga m’chipinda chotentha. Amakhulupirira kuti njirayi imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa nthata ndi 90%. Akulimbikitsidwa chilimwe ntchito pambuyo uchi yokolola.
zamoyo
Nthawi zambiri pakati pa alimi a njuchi, njira zothandizira zachilengedwe monga oxalic ndi formic acid zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera komanso yochizira.
Mankhwala
Mankhwala njira monga mankhwala a njuchi ndi zosiyanasiyana kukonzekera kuvomerezedwa ntchito. Izi zikhoza kukhala mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali "Timol", "Folbeks" ndi posachedwapa anaonekera mankhwala "Bipin", "Amipol", "Fetfor", "Policy". Njira mosamalitsa malinga ndi malangizo!

Chithandizo ndi wowerengeka azitsamba

Pakalipano, kupulumuka kwa njuchi kumakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuthekera kwawo kupirira zinthu zinayi zazikulu zachilengedwe:

  • mankhwala ophera tizilombo;
  • varroa nthata ndi tizilombo tina;
  • matenda;
  • nyengo yoopsa.

Kuweta njuchi zamakono kumadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kulimbana ndi matenda, koma chifukwa chake, mavairasi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala amphamvu ndipo mibadwo ya njuchi imafooka chifukwa chokhala ndi mankhwala nthawi zonse.

Chifukwa chake, alimi ena amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakale, koma zokhazikika:

  • asidi formic;
  • unga wa pine;
  • madzi a singano atsopano;
  • mafuta ofunikira;
  • mbewu;
  • oxalic acid.

Mankhwala otchuka komanso othandiza a njuchi

The kwambiri njira, onse pakati mankhwala kukonzekera ndi pakati wowerengeka, apeza kwambiri kutchuka. Timafotokoza zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kuthana ndi nthata za njuchi.

1
Bipin
9.2
/
10
More
2
Amitraz
8.9
/
10
More
3
Thymol
9.4
/
10
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Bipin
1
"Bipin" imapezeka m'mbale ngati madzi achikasu okhala ndi fungo lapadera.
Kuunika kwa akatswiri:
9.2
/
10

Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mitsempha ya varicose. Mankhwalawa amasakanizidwa ndi madzi (0,5 ml pa madzi okwanira 1 litre) ndipo njuchi zimathiridwa ndi yankho. Mankhwalawa amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwa njuchi ndi uchi, koma amalimbikitsidwabe akamaliza kukolola uchi. Kupakanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumalimbikitsidwa musanayambe nyengo yachisanu.

Amitraz
2
Mankhwala tikulimbikitsidwa ntchito kugwa.
Kuunika kwa akatswiri:
8.9
/
10

Popeza ndi poizoni, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pochotsa uchi. Mankhwalawa amabwera ndi malangizo omwe ayenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa.

Thymol
3
Thymol imapezeka ngati ufa wopanda mtundu. Ayenera kupopera pamwamba pa mafelemu.
Kuunika kwa akatswiri:
9.4
/
10

Kutentha kwa mpweya wovomerezeka pakukonza kuchokera ku +7 mpaka +27 ℃. Ngati mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza, njirayi imabwerezedwa pambuyo pa sabata. Ndipo ndi matenda amphamvu, onjezerani kutsitsi kwina.

Musaiwale kuti mosamalitsa kutsatira Mlingo anasonyeza mu malangizo mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala amatha kuwononga uchi ndikuchepetsa ubwino wake.

Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka mwachilengedwe muzomera zambiri chomwe chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso motsika mtengo pochiza nthata. Oxalic acid mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira ziwiri.

drip njira
Sungunulani 35 g wa makhiristo a oxalic acid mu lita imodzi yamadzi ofunda a 1: 1 kuti mupange yankho la 1%. Yezerani molondola, monga yankho lofooka silingakhale lothandiza; ndipo zamphamvu kwambiri zidzapweteka njuchi. Pogwiritsira ntchito syringe, ponyani 3,5 ml (supuni imodzi ya supuni) molunjika pa njuchi zazikuluzonse zomwe zili pakati pa zisa za ana. Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino njuchi zikasonkhana nyengo yozizira ndipo palibe ana. Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito njuchi zomwezo kangapo pachaka. Njirayi singakhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera otentha kumene nthawi yopanda ana imakhala yochepa. Oxalic acid imakhala yosakhazikika mumtsuko wa shuga, kotero zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutayidwa.
Njira ya evaporation
Akatenthedwa, asidi oxalic sublimates, kudutsa mwachindunji cholimba ndi nthunzi boma. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri alipo pochiza msanga ming'oma ya njuchi. Konzani ming'oma pochotsa mafelemu a uchi ndikumata pansi pa mauna ndi ming'oma ina. Ikani 2 magalamu (1/2 supuni ya tiyi) ya makhiristo a oxalic acid mu vaporizer, ikani chogwiritsira ntchito pakhomo la mng'oma, phimba pakhomo ndi chopukutira ndikuyatsa chipangizocho. Tsatirani malangizo a wofunsira wanu.

Asidi acid

Formic acid imathandiza kwambiri kupha nthata za varroa. Imapezeka ngati gel osakaniza, imayikidwa pamwamba pa mafelemu ndipo iyenera kusanduka nthunzi mumng'oma. Njirayi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutentha kwa masana kumakhala pakati pa 10-33 ° C kwa masiku osachepera asanu.
Ngati mankhwalawa ndi ozizira kwambiri sangasunthike bwino ndipo ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri amasanduka nthunzi mofulumira kwambiri ndikupangitsa imfa ya ana kapena mfumukazi. Ming'oma sayenera kutsegulidwa kwa maola osachepera 72 mutagwiritsa ntchito.
Nthunzi zimatha kulowa m'maselo a cell ndipo iyi ndi njira yokhayo yothandizira yomwe imadziwika kuti imapha varroa mu ana omata. Valani magolovesi osamva asidi komanso chopumira pogwira mankhwalawa. Formic acid ndi gawo lachilengedwe la uchi ndipo limavomerezedwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zovomerezeka.

Mankhwala otetezeka

Izi ndi njira zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito popanda kuika thanzi lanu pachiswe.

Mizere yapadera

Mankhwala, opangidwa ngati timizere tating'onoting'ono ta makatoni kapena matabwa, ophatikizidwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimawononga nkhupakupa, ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito. Zingwezo zimapachikidwa mumng'oma pakati pa mafelemu, ndipo zimatha kupachika pamenepo kwa nthawi yayitali, masika ndi chilimwe. Njuchi zimafalitsa poizoni wa nkhupakupa mumng'oma wonse, pamene tizilombo timafa. M'dzinja, kutentha kwa mpweya kutsika pansi pa 10 ℃, mipiringidzoyo sikugwiranso ntchito.

Horseradish

Masamba ndi mizu ya horseradish angagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi nkhupakupa. Kuti achite izi, amawuma, ophwanyidwa ndikuyikidwa mumfuti ya utsi. Mumng'oma uliwonse, 4 zikwapu 1-2 pa sabata.

utsi wa fodya

Tchipisi zofukiza zoviikidwa mu njira yomwe imapha nthata zimayikidwa mkati mwa mfuti ya utsi. Mng'omawu umatsekedwa kwa mphindi 20 ndikuwukonza popopa utsi. Njirayi imabwerezedwa 3-4 nthawi ndi nthawi ya masiku atatu.

Momwe mungatsitsire bwino ming'oma ya njuchi

Choyamba, muyenera kuchepetsa mankhwala, mosamalitsa kutsatira malangizo. Kenako chotsani mafelemu onse ndikukonza mng'oma. Ngati palibe posuntha mafelemu ndi njuchi, ndiye kuti mafelemu amakonzedwa kuchokera pamwamba. Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa kumakona omwe amatha kukonzedwa ndi syringe.

Zomwe sizikulimbikitsidwa

Ndikoyenera kumvetsera kwa achinyamata, sayenera kuchitidwa ndi kukonzekera kwamadzimadzi. M'chaka, ndi bwino kutulutsa mafelemu ndikukonza mng'oma kapena kuphimba ndi pepala. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ufa wothira, yesetsani kuti musawupeze pachiberekero.

tingachipeze powerenga mankhwala a ming'oma m'chaka ndi kumuika njuchi ankawalamulira.

Migwirizano ndi ma nuances odana ndi nkhupakupa nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka

Njuchi zofalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa ndizofala kwambiri, choncho kupewa ndi kuchiza ziyenera kuperekedwa chisamaliro chapadera. M`pofunika kudziwa mlingo infestation ndi majeremusi. Ngati njuchi zosakwana 1% zili ndi kachilombo, ndiye kuti prophylaxis ndi mankhwala owerengeka ndi yokwanira, apo ayi chithandizo ndi chofunikira.

NthawiFeatures
M'chilimweNthawi zina m'pofunika kuchita processing wa njuchi m'chilimwe, ndi bwino kuchita izi mu June. Panthawiyi, simungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala owopsa, ndi bwino kudzipatula kwa anthu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya utsi, chifukwa uchi umasonkhanitsidwa mwachangu panthawiyi.
ChapakatikatiChithandizo chachikulu cha nkhupakupa chimachitika m'chaka, m'mwezi wa Marichi. Izi zipangitsa kuti njuchi zizigwira ntchito bwino m'chilimwe. Ngati nthata zapezeka, ndiye kuti njira zomwe zatengedwa zidzalepheretsa kutayika kwa njuchi zambiri zantchito. Panthawi imeneyi, mungagwiritse ntchito njira zonse zomwe zilipo.
WagwaZowonjezera processing ikuchitika mu kugwa. Ngati nkhupakupa ipezeka, imafooketsa njuchi ndipo sizidzatha kupitilira nyengo yachisanu. Pambuyo ikukoka uchi, mukhoza mankhwala kuchitira mng'oma.

Njira zothandizira

Njira zodzitetezera zikukhala zofunika kwambiri pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda. Choyamba, ndi bwino kuganizira mawonekedwe a malo.

  1. Nkhupakupa zimakonda malo otsika ndi chinyezi, ndipo izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha malo osungira njuchi. Makamaka, udzu monga tansy, chowawa, ndi echinacea zomwe sizimatengedwa ndi nkhupakupa zimamera m'deralo, ndipo zidzakhala chotchinga chothandiza pafupi ndi ming'oma yanu. Osayika nyumba za njuchi pafupi ndi 500 m kuchokera misewu yayikulu, malo okhala, mabizinesi amankhwala.
  2. Muzichitira kasupe uchi musanakolole ndi m'dzinja dzinja lisanafike. Mankhwala ambiri amagwira ntchito bwino ndi nthata ndipo sakhala poizoni kwa njuchi. Samalani ndikutsatira malangizo ndendende, chifukwa chilichonse chimakhala poizoni wambiri.
  3. Samalani kwambiri thanzi la njuchi zatsopano ndikuzigula kuchokera ku nazale zodalirika. Ngati mng'oma womwe uli ndi kachilomboka upezeka, ndiye kuti m'pofunika kukonza osati kokha, komanso malo ena onse owetera njuchi. Chiberekero mumng'oma wotero chiyenera kusinthidwa ndi chatsopano.
  4. Nthawi zonse tcherani khutu ku kupewa matenda a njuchi ndi thanzi, makamaka pankhani ya matenda a mite. Izi zidzalimbitsa mabanja ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri.
Poyamba
NkhupakupaNthawi yomwe nkhupakupa zimachita: ndi zinthu ziti zomwe tizilomboti timakonda, komanso momwe mungadzitetezere mukapita kumadera oopsa
Chotsatira
NkhupakupaMomwe mungapotozere nkhupakupa kuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba pa khungu mofanana komanso popanda kusuntha kwadzidzidzi
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