Kuwongolera nsabwe za Varroa: Njira zamakedzana komanso zoyesera zopangira ming'oma ndi kuchiza njuchi

Wolemba nkhaniyi
395 malingaliro
9 min. za kuwerenga

Varroatosis ndi matenda oopsa a njuchi, popanda chithandizo kwa nyengo ziwiri kapena zitatu, zingayambitse kutha kwa njuchi. Amatchedwa Varroa destructor mite. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa kudodoma kwa njuchi, kutayika kwa mapiko, ndi zina zambiri zoyipa, kuphatikiza matenda obwera chifukwa cha ma virus ndi mabakiteriya, zomwe zimatha kupha gulu lonselo. Varroosis, komabe, sichinthu chatsopano chifukwa alimi akhala akulimbana nawo kuyambira m'ma 1980. Nkhaniyi ikunena za chithandizo cha njuchi kuchokera ku varroatosis.

Varroatosis wa njuchi: ambiri makhalidwe a matenda

Zimakhudza njuchi zazikulu ndi mphutsi. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, palibe zizindikiro, choncho alimi samakayikira kalikonse.

Njuchi kachilombo ndi mite hibernate zoipa, kudzuka pasadakhale ndi kuchita mosakhazikika, musati kupanga dzombe. Amakonda kudya mopambanitsa ndipo motsutsana ndi maziko awa amatha kudwala matenda otsekula m'mimba.

Maonekedwe a nkhupakupa: chithunzi

Varroa destructor amawonetsa kugonana kowoneka bwino ndipo amadziwika ndi kukula kwa thupi. Azimayi ndi 1,0-1,8 mm kutalika, ali ndi thupi la chithokomiro, lophwanyidwa kumbali ya dorso-ventral, mawonekedwe a elliptical. Mtundu kuchokera ku bulauni wopepuka kupita ku bulauni wofiira. Ili ndi zida zapakamwa zoyamwa zomwe zimasonkhanitsa hemolymph kuchokera ku thupi la njuchi (kapena mphutsi).
Amunawa ndi otuwa-woyera ndipo ali ndi thupi lozungulira pafupifupi 1 mm m'mimba mwake. Amuna sangathe kudya hemolymph ya njuchi, choncho nthata zazikazi zokha zimapezeka pa njuchi zazikulu. Amuna samachoka m'maselo ndi kufa mkazi akalowetsedwa. Mu njuchi zazikulu, akazi amakhala pa dorsal ndi ofananira nawo pamwamba pa thupi, pa mphambano mutu kwa thupi, thupi ndi pamimba, pa thupi, pakati pa magawo awiri oyambirira a m'mimba, nthawi zambiri pa miyendo ndi miyendo. m'munsi mwa mapiko.

Njira ndi njira zopatsira njuchi ndi nkhupakupa

The nthata hibernation pakati pa mimba zigawo za njuchi, kukhala wosaoneka. Kutalika kwa moyo wa wowononga varroa wamkazi zimadalira nthawi ya chaka. Azimayi omwe amawononga akuluakulu m'chilimwe ndi m'chilimwe amakhala kwa miyezi 2-3, ndi miyezi 6-8 pa njuchi zachisanu.
Kunja kwa thupi la mbalameyi, tizilomboti timafa pakadutsa masiku asanu, pa njuchi zakufa patatha masiku 5-16, pazisa za ana patatha masiku 17. Kudyetsa kwambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumachitika m'chaka, pamene ana akuwonekera m'gulu la njuchi.
Kuyika kwa mazira ndi wowononga wamkazi wa Varroa kumadalira zakudya zake komanso kukhalapo kwa ana. Kubala kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumathandizidwa ndi maonekedwe a drone brood, ndiye kuti kuukira kwa parasitic kwa ana ogwira ntchito kumachepetsedwa.

Kufalikira kwa varroatosis pakati pa njuchi kumathandizidwa ndi:

  • kuba kwa njuchi kuchokera kumadera amphamvu ndi athanzi, kuukira madera ofooka ndi odwala;
  • njuchi zimawulukira pakati pa ming'oma;
  • ndege zosamukasamuka zomwe zimawulukira kuming'oma ina;
  • gulu loyenda lomwe lili ndi kachilombo;
  • kugulitsa njuchi za mfumukazi;
  • kukhudzana ndi mfumukazi ndi ma drones paulendo wapaulendo;
  • Mlimi akamagwira ntchito kumalo owetera njuchi, mwachitsanzo, posamutsa zisa zomwe zili ndi ana omwe ali ndi kachilombo kupita kumadera athanzi;
  • tizirombo njuchi ndi njuchi zisa, monga mavu, amene nthawi zambiri kulanda uchi ming'oma.

Kodi matendawa amayamba bwanji?

Mu njuchi yomwe ili ndi kachilombo, zotsatirazi zimawonedwa:

  • kuwonda ndi 5-25%;
  • kuchepetsa moyo ndi 4-68%;
  • kukula kwa njuchi kumasokonekera.

Zotsatira za kudyetsa Varroa destructor pa ana:

  • kufupikitsa m'mimba;
  • kukula kwa mapiko;
  • imfa ya ana.

Kukula kwa nthata pa ana kumayambitsa kuphwanya kwa metamorphosis, zovuta zakukula zomwe zimapezeka mu njuchi. Pachifukwachi, njuchi zathanzi zimawaponya kunja kwa mng'oma patatha masiku angapo.

Varroatosis wa njuchi.

Momwe matendawa amaonekera zizindikiro matenda chithunzi

Ziweto za njuchi zomwe zili ndi kachilombo zimakhala "zaulesi", ndipo ntchito ya banja ndi yoperewera.

Kufa ziwalo kumafooketsa kwambiri banja ndipo kumachepetsa kwambiri zokolola zake.

Kusowa kwa zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri kumalimbikitsa alimi omwe sayambitsa chithandizo chamankhwala. Chiwerengero cha tiziromboti ndiye chimakula momasuka. Wowononga wamkazi wa Varroa ndi ana ake amawononga ana. Ngakhale pali ana ambiri m'banja, zizindikiro za varroatosis sizimawonekera. M'tsogolomu, banja limafooka, nthawi zambiri limathera ndi kutha kwa banja kapena njuchi kusiya mng'oma.

Njira yachangu komanso yodalirika yochizira njuchi varroatosis

Njira zodziwira varroatosis

Kuyang'anira malo owetera njuchi kuti muwone ngati pali wowononga Varroa m'chilimwe komanso kumapeto kwa nyengo yokolola kumaphatikizapo:

Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa varroatosis musanayambe zizindikiro zachipatala kungathandize kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati mukukayikira kukula kwa varroatosis, zitsanzo za m'dzinja ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku ming'oma ingapo ndikutumizidwa ku kafukufuku wa labotale. Izi zimachitika musanayambe kuthawa koyamba kapena kuthawa, kuti njuchi zisakhale ndi nthawi yoyeretsa pansi paokha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, imene miyezi imene mankhwala ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi njuchi nthata

Pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira zonse za mankhwala ndi zamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zabwino zimapezeka pamene njira zonse ziwirizi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi imodzi.

Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa ana a drone mu nyengo kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mumng'oma ndi 60%. Panthawiyi, kugwiritsa ntchito ma organic acid, monga ma formic acid, ndikovomerezeka, koma pali malingaliro ochulukirapo omwe amakhudza zamoyo za njuchi.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zokonzekera zopangira kumaloledwa pokhapokha panthawi yosasungunuka, kotero kuti mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito kuchokera kwa iwo asalowe mu uchi wonyezimira.

Formanins: bipin, anitraz, tactin

Mankhwala omwewo omwe amatsutsana ndi varroatosis, koma mawonekedwe omasulidwa ndi osiyana:

  1. Bipin - chinthu chogwira amitraz, chimapezeka mu ampoules. Musanagwiritse ntchito, imachepetsedwa pa lita imodzi yamadzi - 0,5 ml ya chinthucho. Processing ikuchitika pambuyo uchi ndi timapopera ndi pamaso yozizira njuchi.
  2. Anitraz - imapezeka ngati kutsitsi, pambuyo pa chithandizo, zotsatira zake zimakhala kwa miyezi iwiri.
  3. Tactin ndiye chogwiritsidwa ntchito cha amitraz. The processing wa ming'oma ikuchitikanso mu kugwa.

Varroatosis njuchi: mankhwala ndi wowerengeka azitsamba

Zochizira varroatosis njuchi, wowerengeka azitsamba bwinobwino ntchito. Olima njuchi ambiri amawakonda chifukwa cha chitetezo komanso kusowa kwa malire a nthawi ya nthawi ya chochitikacho.

MankhwalaNtchito
Asidi acidChamoyo cha njuchi palokha chimapanga asidi awa pang'onopang'ono, choncho amalekerera bwino ndi tizilombo. Kwa nkhupakupa ndi zowononga. Kutentha kumafunika pokonza, pamene kutentha kwa mpweya ndi osachepera 25 ℃. Pafupifupi 100% asidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Oxalic acid angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira ziwiri:

Kukhutitsa mbale zopangidwa ndi makatoni kapena matabwa ndi asidi, ndikukulunga ndi cellophane, momwe mabowo amapangidwira. Konzani mumng'oma pa mafelemu.
Ikani zingwe muzotengera zazing'ono zamagalasi ndikutsanulira mu zidulo. Asidi ayenera kusungunuka ndi kupha nsikidzi. Zingwe zimapachikidwa mumng'oma kumbali ya mafelemu.
Oxalic acidOxalic acid angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira ziwiri:

Madzi owiritsa, atakhazikika mpaka 30 ℃, amachepetsedwa ndi 2% acid solution, kuthiridwa mu botolo lopopera ndikupopera pa chimango chilichonse. Processing ikuchitika 4 pa nyengo pa kutentha mpweya pamwamba 15 ℃.
Amapanga mfuti zautsi, amagwiritsa ntchito 2g ya asidi pamafelemu 12. Mankhwalawa ayenera kuchitika kumayambiriro kwa masika, pamene nthata sizinafalikire, koma kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala osachepera 10 ℃.
Lactic acidLactic acid, yomwe imapangidwa ndi kuwira kwa shuga, ndi imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mite ya varroa. Komanso, kumapangitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha njuchi, kumathandiza kuti thupi lawo likhale bwino.

Kukonzekera 10% yankho la lactic acid, madzi owiritsa atakhazikika mpaka 30. Njira yothetsera imathiridwa mu sprayer ndipo chimango chilichonse mumng'oma chimapopera pa ngodya ya madigiri 45 kuchokera mtunda wa 30-40 cm. . Komanso m'dzinja, mu September, mutatolera uchi.
Madzi a shugaKonzani madzi a shuga: 1 gawo la madzi ndi 1 gawo la shuga. Onjezani 1 ml ya mandimu pagalasi limodzi lamadzimadzi. Thirani yankho mu botolo lopopera ndikupopera pamafelemu. Processing ikuchitika 4 zina ndi imeneyi kwa sabata imodzi.
CapsicumPogaya tsabola, kuthira madzi otentha, kukhetsa madzi patatha tsiku ndi kuwonjezera kwa madzi a shuga. Pa lita imodzi ya madzi ndi 120 g wa tsabola tincture. Ena amawonjezera 20 g wa phula panjira imeneyi. Njira imeneyi ndi sprayed ndi njuchi katatu nyengo ndi imeneyi kwa sabata.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa painiNkhupakupa siimva kununkhira kwa singano ndipo imachoka mumng'oma pasanathe tsiku limodzi. Amatenga ufa wochepa ndikuutsanulira mu thumba la gauze ndikuyika mumng'oma. Pa gulu limodzi, 50 g wa ufa wa coniferous ndi wokwanira.
ThymeChomera chatsopano chiyenera kudulidwa ndikuyikidwa mu thumba la gauze, loyikidwa pa chimango, chophimbidwa ndi polyethylene kuti chisawume. Masiku atatu aliwonse zipangizo ziyenera kusinthidwa. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito nyengo yonse, koma kutentha kwa 3 ℃ sikuthandiza.
Mafuta a lavender ndi mowa 96Ndikofunikira kumwa mowa wamankhwala, kuwonjezera madontho angapo a mafuta a lavenda kwa iwo. Izi osakaniza udzathiridwa mu evaporator ndi anaika mu mng'oma pa chimango. Mukhoza kusunga kwa masabata atatu, nthawi ndi nthawi kuwonjezera madzi kwa evaporator.

Njira zakuthupi

Mutha kulimbana ndi nkhupakupa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi, koma sizikhudza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zidaukira ana. Koma tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala tating'onoting'ono ta njuchi zazikulu.

Kutentha
Njira yoopsa kwambiri, mfumukazi ndi njuchi zambiri zogwira ntchito zimatha kufa, choncho sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Amatenga makaseti apadera ndikuthamangitsa njuchi kuchokera pa chimango, kenako amawonekera kutentha kwa 43-45 ℃. Processing ikuchitika mwamsanga.
Maginito
Zimachokera pa mfundo yakuti hemolymph ya chitsulo mite ndi yaikulu kuposa ya njuchi. Ngati njuchi iwulukira kumunda wa maginito, ndiye kuti nthata zimagwa. M'chilimwe, maginito amaikidwa pansi pa bolodi lofika, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira - pa chimango. Mng'omawo umakutidwa ndi pepala lopaka mafuta odzola, ndipo pamwamba pake pali thireyi ya mauna. Nkhupakupa zimagwera pansi, koma sizimafa, koma zimamatira mumsampha.
Chithandizo cha njuchi ndi ozoni
Ming'oma imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito majenereta a ozone amphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Mfundo ya ntchito ikufotokozedwa mu malangizo. Chubu cha ozonizer chimayikidwa pakhomo la mng'oma kwa mphindi 30 pakupanga kwa chipangizo cha 500 mg / ora. Kukonza kuyenera kuchitika kangapo, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera nthawi yowonekera. Mchitidwewu ukhoza kuchitidwa polimbana ndi nkhupakupa, komanso kulimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha njuchi.
Utsi
Kukonza njuchi kuchokera ku nkhupakupa kutha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya utsi. Mukhoza kugula izo zokonzeka kapena kuzipanga nokha. Mankhwala amayikidwa mmenemo, mwachitsanzo, oxalic acid kapena thymol. Mumfuti ya utsi, mankhwalawa amasandulika nthunzi pamene fungulo likanikizidwa. Mankhwala jekeseni mumng'oma 2 zina. Zipata zimatsekedwa kwa mphindi 20. Bwerezani mankhwala 2-3 nthawi ndi imeneyi ya masiku 3.

Zootechnical njira zothana ndi varroatosis

Nthata zambiri zimapezeka m'maselo a drone. Makamaka kwa iwo, alimi amaika chimango ndi Mzere wa maziko m'munsi mu msinkhu kuchokera ena onse. Njuchi zimayamba kupanga zisa ndipo mfumukazi imabzala. Zisa za uchizi zikamamatidwa, zimatha kuchotsedwa. Ngati muyiyika m'madzi otentha, ndiye kuti mphutsi zidzafa, ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chovala chapamwamba cha njuchi. Chojambulacho chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chatsukidwa ndi vinyo wosasa.

Ming'oma yapadera

Popeza matenda obwera ndi nkhupakupa mu njuchi ndizovuta kwambiri, opanga adayamba kupereka ming'oma yokhala ndi anti-varroatic pansi. Mesh yachitsulo imayikidwa mmenemo, pansi pake pali mphasa, yomwe imachotsedwa ndikutsukidwa. Pansi pake ndi pepala lothira mafuta. Nkhupakupa imaphwanyika ndikumamatira kwa iyo. Ndiye mumangofunika kuchotsa thireyi, kuchotsa ndi kuwotcha pepala ndi nkhupakupa.

Adani achilengedwe: zinkhanira zabodza

Pseudoscorpions ndi arachnids ang'onoang'ono omwe amakula mpaka 5 mm kutalika. Zitha kukhala zida zabwino kwambiri zolimbana ndi nthata mu njuchi, komanso kuwononga tizirombo tina tating'ono. Ngati zinkhanira zabodza zimakhala mumng'oma, sizikuvulaza njuchi, komanso kupanga mabwenzi.

Komabe, mpaka pano chiwerengero cha zinkhanira zabodza zomwe zimapezeka mumng'oma sikokwanira kuwononga gulu la nkhupakupa. Ukadaulo watsopano ukufunika poweta zinkhanira zabodza kunja kwa ming'oma kuti zichuluke kuti zilowe mumng'oma. Pankhaniyi, simungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala aliwonse kuwononga varroatosis.

Zotsatira za njuchi

Ngati simukuchiza Varroatosis kapena osazindikira matendawa munthawi yake, njuchi zimafa. Sizingatheke kupulumutsa gulu limodzi lokha, koma njuchi yonse.

Muyenera kuyamba kulimbana ndi nkhupakupa kuyambira pomwe mwasankha kutenga njuchi.

Kupewa nkhupakupa njuchi

Njira zodzitetezera zimachepetsa kwambiri mwayi wogwidwa ndi nkhupakupa.

Ngati mwaganiza zoyambitsa njuchi, yesani kunyamula malo owetera njuchi pamalo pomwe mbewu zomwe nkhupakupa sizikonda zimamera pamenepo:

  • celandine;
  • thyme;
  • burashi;
  • tansy;
  • timbewu;
  • lavenda.

Ming'oma iyenera kuyatsidwa bwino ndi dzuwa. Mtunda wochokera pansi pa mng'oma mpaka pansi uyenera kukhala osachepera 0 cm. Nthawi ndi nthawi, njuchi zambiri zimafunika kudyetsedwa kuti ziwonjezere kukana kwa tizilombo ku matenda aliwonse.

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