Nkhupakupa ndi m'gulu la arachnids: makhalidwe ambiri majeremusi, kufotokoza ndi mitundu ya oimira

Nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo kapena arachnid

Ngakhale kuti kunja kwa nkhupakupa kumafanana ndi tizilombo, mtundu uwu ulibe kanthu kochita nawo. Nkhupakupa ndi za dongosolo la arachnid, choncho ndi zolondola kuzitcha nyama.

Kufunika kwa nkhupakupa m'chilengedwe komanso zoopsa zomwe nkhupakupa zimanyamula

Tikatchula za nyama zimenezi, zambiri zimayamba kugwirizana ndi tizirombo toyamwa magazi timene timanyamula matenda oopsa.

M'malo mwake, mitundu ina ya nkhupakupa (nthawi zambiri ixodid) imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu ndi nyama, komabe, nyamakazi zolusa ndizofunikanso kwambiri ku chilengedwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, oimira ena a dongosolo la nkhupakupa sakhala adani ndipo amadya zakudya zamasamba. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa nkhupakupa kwa chilengedwe ndi anthu:

1. Kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga dothi: pakuwola ndi kuphatikizika kwa zotsalira za organic, kumawonjezera friability, kuchita zinthu mwadongosolo, kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikufalitsa zopindulitsa;
2. Kuyeretsedwa kwa mbewu kuchokera ku spores za epiphytic ndi parasitic bowa;
3. Pachiyambi cha matenda omwe amapezeka ndi vector, arthropods amakhala chinthu chowongolera, amasewera ngati oteteza zachilengedwe;
4. Mitundu yolusa ya nthata imagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi polimbana ndi tizirombo.

Komabe, powunika kufunikira kwa nkhupakupa kwa anthu, mamba amaposa mphamvu zawo zoyipa. Kuopsa kobwera ndi tizirombo:

• kunyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana anthu ndi nyama matenda: encephalitis, borreliosis, mphere, tularemia, etc.
• zinyalala zawo zingayambitse kwambiri thupi lawo siligwirizana;
• kuwononga chakudya (tirigu, ufa, mkaka, etc.);
• kuwononga nakulitsa zomera, kudya awo timadziti.

Ndani nkhupakupa

Nkhupakupa ndi gulu lapadera la arthropods. Komanso, subclass iyi imatengedwa kuti ndi yochuluka kwambiri. Amapezeka m'makontinenti onse, amakhala m'nthaka, zotsalira organic, kukhala zisa za mbalame ndi nyama, matupi amadzi, parasitize pa thupi la anthu ndi nyama.

Kodi nkhupakupa zili m'gulu lanji?

Monga tanena kale, nthata ndi za gulu la arachnids.

Kodi nkhupakupa yabwinobwino imawoneka bwanji?

Mofanana ndi anthu onse a m’kalasi, nkhupakupa zilibe mapiko. Kwa akuluakulu, pali miyendo 4, mu nymphs ndi mphutsi pali 3 yokha.

Mthunzi wa nyama ukhoza kukhala wosiyana malinga ndi mitundu: yowonekera, imvi, yachikasu kapena yakuda.

Thupi, monga lamulo, limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ophimbidwa ndi chipolopolo choteteza chitinous. Mu mitundu yambiri, mulibe maso, imayendetsedwa mumlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zapadera zomvera.

Kodi nkhupakupa yachikazi imawoneka bwanji?

Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna, thupi lawo limakutidwa pang'ono ndi chivundikiro cha chitinous - chishango chili kuseri kwa proboscis ndipo chimakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi, ena onse ndi ofewa komanso zotanuka. Pamphepete mwa tsinde la proboscis pali minda ya pore yomwe imagwira ntchito ya ziwalo zomveka.

Chongani kukula kwake

Kutalika kwa thupi la arachnids kungakhale kuchokera ku ma microns 80 mpaka 13 mm, atadyetsa, munthu amakula kukula mpaka 30 mm.

Kapangidwe ka thupi la nkhupakupa

The integuments thupi ndi heterogeneous: mbali zolimba, ndipo m'malo ena zotanuka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, tizilombo timatha kutambasula kwambiri panthawi yodyetsa.

Mkombero wa moyo wa nthata

Oimira ambiri amtunduwu amayikira mazira, koma palinso nthata za viviparous. Kuzungulira kwa moyo wa arthropods kumaphatikizapo magawo awa:

• dzira;
• mphutsi;
• nymph;
• imago (wamkulu).

Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kutentha kwa mpweya wabwino (+ 15-20 madigiri), ma arachnids amayamba kuchulukirachulukira. Izi zisanachitike, mkazi amafunika kupeza magazi okwanira. Ikadyetsa ndi kukweretsa, yaikazi imaikira mazira. Chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kusiyana, malingana ndi mtundu wa nkhupakupa.

Akazi a mitundu ina amatha kuikira mazira zikwi zingapo.

Kutalika kwa gawo la embryonic kumasiyananso kutengera mitundu - kuyambira masiku 5 mpaka 14. Pambuyo pake, mphutsi zimabadwa, zomwe zimasiyana pang'ono ndi akuluakulu akuwoneka.

Mphutsi zamitundu ina ya nkhupakupa zimayamba kuyang'ana nyama kale panthawiyi, pamene zina sizikusowa chakudya. Pambuyo pa molting, nyama imapita ku gawo lotsatira la chitukuko - nymph. Panthawi imeneyi, nkhupakupa ayenera kudya chakudya, kenako molt ina zimachitika ndipo munthuyo amapita ku siteji wamkulu.

Kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe ndi kubereka

Monga tanena kale, ma acarids amayamba kuchulukirachulukira ndikubwera kwa kutentha. Pa izi, mkazi ayenera kukhala wodzaza. Kukwerana kungachitike pa wolandira, udzu, masamba, ndi zina zotero.

Nthawi zina, umuna ukhoza kuchitika popanda kutengapo mbali kwa mwamuna, pamene mphutsi zachikazi zimawonekera, ndipo ngati mwamuna adatenga nawo mbali, amuna ndi akazi.

Mwamuna sasankha mkazi m’njira ina iliyonse, koma munthu amene ali patali kwambiri nthawi imeneyo amakhala mnzake. Amuna amitundu yambiri amafa ataberekana.

Makhalidwe a khalidwe ndi moyo

Arachnids amayamba kusonyeza ntchito yawo yoyamba mu nyengo pamene nthaka imatentha mpaka madigiri 3-5. Ku Russia, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Marichi komanso koyambirira kwa Epulo. Chiwopsezo cha ntchito chikugwera pa Meyi-August. Kupitilira apo, imachepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo kutentha kumayikidwa pansi pa nkhupakupa zomwe zatchulidwazi zimabisala.

Chiwerengero ndi kachulukidwe wa tiziromboti mwachindunji zimadalira nyengo. Choncho, ngati chilimwe chinali chozizira, ndi mvula yambiri, ndipo nyengo yozizira inali yachisanu osati yozizira, chaka chamawa chiwerengero cha anthu chidzawonjezeka kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha izi, kuluma kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikumveka ndi munthu. Kutalika kwa kuyamwa magazi kumatha kukhala mphindi 15. Kutalika kwa moyo wa nkhupakupa kumadalira mtundu wake. Mwachitsanzo, nthata za fumbi zimakhala masiku 65-80, pamene nthata za m'nkhalango zimatha zaka zinayi.

Pazifukwa zovuta, ma arachnids amagwera mumayendedwe oyimitsidwa - njira zonse m'thupi zimatsika pang'onopang'ono ndipo nyama imagwera mumtundu wa hibernation.

Ikadzuka, nkhupakupa imatha kupitiriza ntchito yake ya moyo popanda zotsatirapo za thupi lake.

Kodi nkhupakupa imadya chiyani

Malinga ndi njira yazakudya, ma arachnids amagawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• zilombo;
• saprophages.

Saprophages amadya organic kanthu. Ambiri mwa saprophages amadziwika kuti ndi opindulitsa kwa anthu, chifukwa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga nthaka. Komabe, pali saprophages omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi a zomera monga chakudya, kuphatikizapo mbewu zothandiza.

Nyama zotere zimatengedwa ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa zimatha kuwononga kwambiri ulimi ndi ulimi wamaluwa, kuwononga mbewu yonse munthawi yochepa.

Palinso ma saprophages omwe amadya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta khungu la munthu, tsitsi ndi zinsinsi zachilengedwe zaumunthu. Gulu ili likuphatikizapo nthata za fumbi (zapakhomo).

Salimbana ndi munthu, samaluma komanso samanyamula matenda, koma amatha kuvulaza thanzi lake poyambitsa ziwengo zamphamvu. Saprophages amaphatikizanso nsabwe za m’khola, zomwe zimadya tirigu, ufa, zipatso zouma, ndi zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chisakhale choyenera kudya anthu.

Nthata zolusa zimaukira nyama zoyamwitsa zamagazi ofunda, kuphatikiza anthu, mbalame, ndi nyama zakutchire. Nthawi zina, amaukira achibale awo - nkhupakupa herbivorous. Tizilomboti timamatira kwa wovulalayo mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yake ndiyeno mwadala amasunthira kumalo oluma.

Chongani Habitat

Adani achilengedwe a nkhupakupa

Nyama ya nyamakazi ndi imodzi mwa malo omalizira pazakudya, choncho zamoyo zambiri zimawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya.

Adani mwachilengedwe kwa iwo ndi awa:

• akangaude;
• achule;
• abuluzi;
• mbalame
• mavu;
• agulugufe.

Gulu la nkhupakupa

Pazonse, pafupifupi mitundu 50 zikwi za arachnids izi zimadziwika. Ambiri a iwo parasitize pa anthu, nyama ndi zomera. M'munsimu ndi m'gulu la mitundu ya zamoyo kutengera mtundu wa tcheru.

Nkhupakupa kuti parasitize nyama

Oimira a Argasidae ndi Ixodes mabanja parasitize pa nyama. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timawononga nyama, timadya magazi ake, timawononga ma virus, timayambitsa kusamvana komanso kufooka kwa thupi. Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu iyi:

Nkhupakupa zomwe zimasokoneza anthu

Mitundu yotsatirayi yowopsa kwa anthu ndi:

Nkhupakupa pa zomera

Kuwonongeka kwa zomera zokongola ndi zamaluwa kumayambitsidwa ndi oimira dongosolo la acariform, omwe nthata zochokera ku superfamily Tetranych nthata zimawononga kwambiri zomera. Tizilombo totere timaphatikizapo nkhupakupa zamitundu iyi:

• chingwe;
• lathyathyathya;
• gallic.

General makhalidwe a nkhupakupa mitundu yosiyanasiyana

Malinga ndi gulu lovomerezeka la arthropods, ndi chizolowezi kuwagawa m'magulu atatu: parasitomorphic, acarimorphic, ndi saprophage. M'munsimu muli kufotokoza za mitundu yofala ya nthata.

Momwe matenda a nkhupakupa amafalikira kwa anthu

Matenda opatsirana ndi nkhupakupa

Sikuti aliyense ali ndi ma virus owopsa, koma kuchuluka kwa omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndikokwera kwambiri. Matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi nkhupakupa afotokozedwa pansipa.

Viral encephalitis yofalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa

Matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amakhudza ubongo. Imatengedwa kuti ndi matenda ofala komanso owopsa kuposa onse omwe amanyamulidwa ndi nkhupakupa. Choyambitsa matendawa ndi arbovirus, yomwe imasamutsidwa kupita ku thupi la munthu panthawi yoluma.

Kutenga kachilomboka kumathekanso pogwiritsa ntchito mkaka wosaphika wa mbuzi ndi nkhosa.

Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 10-14, nthawi zina nthawi yake imatha kukhala masiku 60. Monga lamulo, matendawa amayamba ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri - 39-39,5 madigiri. Zizindikiro zina zimatsatira:

• kuzizira, kutentha thupi;
• mutu makamaka mu occipital dera;
• kufooka kwathunthu, ulesi;
• kunyoza ndi kusanza;
• kufooka kwa minofu;
• dzanzi la khungu la nkhope ndi khosi;
• ululu m'munsi.

Kuneneratu kwa matendawa kumadalira thanzi la wodwalayo, mlingo wa matenda ndi mawonekedwe a matendawa. Zotsatira za matenda a encephalitis ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito kwa chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi chidziwitso kuwonongeka. Zowopsa kwambiri ndizo:

• edema ya ubongo;
• koma;
• kuphwanya kupuma ndi ntchito zamagalimoto;
• khunyu;
• kutaya magazi mu ubongo;
• kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso.

Pakali pano palibe mankhwala enieni a matenda a encephalitis ofalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa. Therapy ndi chizindikiro chokha. Ndi kukanika kwakukulu, kuchira kwawo kwathunthu sikutheka, ndipo matendawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira zakupha. Padziko lonse lapansi, njira yovomerezeka yopewera encephalitis ndi katemera.

Matenda a Lyme opangidwa ndi nkhupakupa

Choyambitsa matendawa ndi mabakiteriya a Borrelia. Kulowa kwake m'thupi kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ziwalo zamkati: mtima, chiwindi, ndulu, maso ndi makutu. Mitsempha yamanjenje ndi ma lymphatic imakhudzidwanso. Borreliosis imachitika pachimake kapena mawonekedwe osatha. Matendawa amatha kulumidwa ndi nkhuku kapena mkaka wa ixodid.

Makulitsidwe nthawi ya matenda kuyambira 2 mpaka 35 masiku, pambuyo zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimachitika:

• kupweteka kwa minofu ndi mafupa;
• mutu ndi chizungulire;
• kuchuluka kwa kutentha;
• kufooka, kutopa;
• mawanga ofiira ozungulira pathupi.

Chizindikiro chomaliza ndi chizindikiro cha borreliosis ndipo chimawonekera patatha masiku 3-30 mutaluma. Atangoyamba kumene, matendawa amachiritsidwa mosavuta ndi maantibayotiki, ndi chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi, zovuta zazikulu za borreliosis zimatha kuchitika:

Matenda a monocytic ehrlichiosis

Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha matendawa ndi matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - erlichs. Mabakiteriya amalowa m'magazi ndikufalikira mu mtima wamtima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutupa kwamtundu wambiri.

Infection zimachitika pa mlingo ma cell. Foci yotupa imalepheretsa ntchito ya ziwalo zofunika kwambiri: mafupa, chiwindi, mtima.

Ngati palibe mankhwala, matendawa amakhala aakulu. Munthu amadwala matendawa akalumidwa ndi nkhupakupa kapena nyama zoweta zimene zalumidwa ndi tizilomboto.

Zizindikiro za Ehrlichiosis:

• ambiri kufooka kwa thupi, kutopa;
• kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi mpaka madigiri 39;
• kuzizira, kutentha thupi;
• mawonekedwe a zotupa zofiira pakhungu;
• kusanza, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba;
• mofulumira kuwonda.

Zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa zimatha kuwoneka patangopita tsiku lachitatu mutatha kuluma. Nthawi zina, zizindikiro zimatha mpaka masiku 21. Thandizo la Ehrlichiosis limachokera pakugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo maantibayotiki. Monga lamulo, ndi chithandizo choyenera, kuchira kwathunthu kumachitika mu masabata 2-3.

Mavuto omwe angakhalepo a ehrlichiosis:

Granulocytic anaplasmosis

The causative wothandizira wa anaplasmosis ndi bacterium anaplasma. Kulowa m'magazi, kumafalikira thupi lonse, kusokoneza ntchito ya ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe.

Pamene matendawa akupita patsogolo, chitetezo cha mthupi chimafooka, ndipo mafoci angapo a kutupa amawonekera.

M'chilengedwe, zonyamula mabakiteriya ndi makoswe amtchire; m'mizinda, mbewa, agalu, ndi akavalo amagwidwa nazo. Komabe, munthu amatha kutenga kachilomboka kokha mwa kulumidwa ndi nkhupakupa. Nthawi yokulirapo ndi kuyambira masiku atatu mpaka masabata atatu. Pambuyo pake, munthu amakhala ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• malungo, kuzizira;
• wamba kuledzera;
• migraine
• nseru ndi kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba;
• kupweteka mu hypochondrium yoyenera;
• chifuwa chowuma, zilonda zapakhosi;
• kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

Nthawi zambiri, matendawa ndi ofatsa ndipo amaneneratu zabwino. Anaplasmosis amathandizidwa ndi maantibayotiki. Zovuta zimachitika kawirikawiri, monga lamulo, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu.

Tularemia

Chifukwa cha tularemia ndi mabakiteriya a ndodo. Matendawa amapezeka polumidwa ndi nkhupakupa komanso chifukwa chodya chakudya chomwe chili ndi kachilomboka.

Koposa zonse, matendawa amakhudza ma lymph nodes, amathanso kukhudza mucous nembanemba wamaso, mapapo ndi khungu.

Nthawi yoyamwitsa nthawi zambiri imakhala masiku 3-7, koma imatha mpaka masiku 21. Zizindikiro za tularemia:

• zidzolo pa thupi;
• malungo, malungo;
• minofu ndi mutu;
• redness ndi kutentha kumverera kwa masaya;
• kutupa kwa ma lymph nodes;
• kufooka, kutsika kwa magazi.

Chithandizo cha tularemia ikuchitika kokha kuchipatala. Kuchiza kumaphatikizapo miyeso ya dezontikation, kutsegula kwa opaleshoni ya suppuration, kumwa mankhwala oletsa antibacterial. Zotsatira za matendawa:

• matenda opatsirana-poizoni mantha;
• kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo la mtima;
• meningitis;
• chibayo chachiwiri;
• nyamakazi.

Munthu yemwe wakhala akudwala tularemia amakhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Njira yodziwira nkhupakupa pathupi

Ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tapezeka m'thupi, tiyenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga. Ndibwino kuti mulumikizane ndi bungwe lachipatala pa izi. Ngati palibe positi pafupi ndi chithandizo choyamba, muyenera kuchotsa chophatikizira nokha:

• konzani chidebe chilichonse chokhala ndi chivindikiro cholimba cha nkhupakupa yakutali ndi antiseptic pochiza bala;
• kuvala magolovesi amphira kapena kuteteza khungu;
• kutenga chida chapadera kuchotsa tiziromboti kapena tweezers wamba;
• gwirani nkhupakupa pafupi ndi kuluma momwe mungathere;
• ndi mayendedwe oyenda, chotsani pang'onopang'ono magazi osagwedezeka ndikuyiyika mu chidebe;
• mankhwala pachilonda.

Nkhupakupa iyenera kutumizidwa ku labotale yapadera kuti iunike kuti idziwe ngati ili ndi matenda oopsa. Ngati zotsatira zake zili zabwino, muyenera kufunsa dokotala kuti akupatseni njira zodzitetezera. Pakadutsa masabata atatu, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa thanzi lanu ndipo, ngati zizindikiro zowopsya zichitika, mwamsanga mudziwitse dokotala wanu za izo.

Njira zothandizira

Mukamayenda m'chilengedwe, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa nkhupakupa pakhungu:

• kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera othamangitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;
• valani zovala zakunja mu thalauza, ndi mathalauza mu masokosi ndi nsapato;
• kugwiritsa ntchito mutu ndi hood;
• perekani zokonda zovala zamitundu yowala - zowola magazi zimawonekera kwambiri;
• osayenda m’njira zopapatiza ndi udzu wautali;
• fufuzani maola awiri aliwonse;
• pobwerera kunyumba ukasambe ndikuchapa zovala.