Meadow Tick: kuopsa kotani kwa mlenje wopanda phokoso uyu, akudikirira nyama yake muudzu
Dermacentor marginatus ndi nthata za meadow. Tizilomboti timagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo timadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri kwa nyama ndi anthu. Ndi ma bloodsuckers awa omwe amanyamula matenda oopsa kwambiri omwe amafalitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa: encephalitis, babesiosis, tyalyaerma.
Zamkatimu
Kodi nkhupakupa msipu ndi chiyani
Mitundu ya Dermacentor reticulatus ndi ya banja la nkhupakupa za ixodid. Ku Russia, ili ndi malo otsogola pakati pa zamoyo zina potengera kuchuluka kwa matenda owopsa kwa nyama ndi anthu.
Maonekedwe
Maonekedwe a nkhupakupa ndi ofanana kwa onse oimira ixodid:
- kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi 4-5 mm, mutatha kumwa magazi, kukula kwake kumawonjezeka ndi 1 cm;
- thupi ndi lozungulira, lathyathyathya, limakhala ndi mutu (gnatosomes) ndi thupi (idiosomes), mwa amuna mapeto akunja ndi akuthwa kuposa akazi;
- mtundu ndi bulauni, pali chowoneka choyera chowoneka kumbuyo;
- thupi la mkazi ndi zotanuka kwambiri ndipo yokutidwa ndi chitinous chishango kokha mwa atatu;
- wamkulu ali ndi miyendo 4, nymphs ndi mphutsi zimakhala ndi 3, paws ndi zofiirira ndi mikwingwirima yoyera;
- mosiyana ndi nkhupakupa zamitundu yambiri, nkhupakupa zili ndi maso, ngakhale kuti sizimakula bwino.
Mapangidwe amkati
Mitsempha yamanjenje ya tizilombo ndi yachikale ndipo imakhala ndi neural chubu yokha, yomwe imayenda pansi pa chishango chapamwamba kuchokera kumutu kupita ku anus ya nkhupakupa. Mitsempha ya 22 imachoka mu chubu, yomwe imayang'anira kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo, proboscis ndi ziwalo zamkati.
Ntchito yopuma ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi trachea, mapapo palibe. Mitsempha ya tracheal imatseguka pafupi ndi miyendo yakumbuyo.
Chimbudzi chimakhalanso ndi dongosolo losavuta. Kutsegula pakamwa ndi zowawa za salivary zimatsogolera ku pharynx, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati mpope panthawi yodyetsa. Pharynx imatsegula kummero, komwe kumapita ku rectum. Njira 12 zakhungu zimachoka m'matumbo, omwe amadzaza ndi magazi akamayamwa chakudya. Matumbo amatsogolera ku chikhodzodzo, chomwe chimathera potsegula.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi kubereka
Kukula kwa nkhupakupa kumachitika mkati mwa chaka, kuzungulira kwa moyo kumakhala ndi magawo awa:
The embryological siteji ya chitukuko kumatenga 2-7 milungu. Mazira a meadow mite ndi achikasu kapena ofiirira mumtundu, 0,5-1 mm m'mimba mwake. Zomangamanga zimawoneka ngati mulu.
Mtundu wa mphutsi zanjala ndi zachikasu kapena zofiirira, zitadyetsedwa, mphutsi zimakhala zofiira. Zimasiyana ndi akuluakulu pamiyendo (6, osati 8), kusowa kwa maliseche ndi minda ya pore. Chishango cha chitinous chimakwirira kutsogolo kokha kwa thupi. Mphutsi zimaswa mu June ndi parasitize mpaka August. Anthu amene amavutika ndi nyama zoyamwitsa ndi mbalame. Amadya kwa masiku 3-5, kufika kuwonjezeka kwa thupi ndi 10-20 nthawi.
Panthawi imeneyi ya chitukuko, miyendo yachinayi imakula mu nkhupakupa ndipo kunjenjemera kumawonekera. Kumaliseche kulibe. Nymphs amawonekera mu Julayi ndipo amatha mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Amalimbana ndi nyama zazikulu: agalu, amphaka, nkhosa, mbuzi, ndi zina zotero. Amadyetsa kwa masiku 3-8, akuwonjezera kulemera kwa thupi ndi nthawi 10-200.
Munthu wamkulu amakhala zaka 2. Amasaka nthawi yotentha - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Madeti amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Zinyama zazikulu zamagazi ofunda, anthu, amasankhidwa kukhala ozunzidwa.
Anthu amagawidwa momveka bwino kukhala amuna ndi akazi. Ali ndi kuchuluka kwa kubalana. Ndi nthata zodyetsedwa bwino zokha zomwe zimaberekana. Yaimuna, itamwa magazi, imalimbitsa yaikazi ndi kufa. Yaikazi ikatha kudya imasiya thupi la mwini nyumbayo ndikuikira mazira. Mayi mmodzi akhoza kuikira mazira 500.
Mitundu yokhudzana ndi morphologically
Maonekedwe, meadow mite ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi Dermacentor daghestanicus. Zimasiyana ndi kuti mwa akazi, scutellum imakhala yophimbidwa ndi mawonekedwe oyera, mawanga opapatiza amtundu wakuda amapezeka m'chigawo cha khomo lachiberekero.
Kugawa malo
Nkhupakupa imakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana za Siberia ndi Europe, majeremusi ambiri amapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso m'madambo, m'malo oyenda ng'ombe zambiri, pomwe tizilombo timalimbana ndi kusefukira kwamadzi komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. Amagawidwa m'mapiri a Ukraine, ku Crimea, ku Caucasus, ku Kazakhstan (kupatulapo gawo lakumwera), m'mapiri a Central Asia, kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Siberia.
Nthawi ya ntchito ya nkhupakupa msipu
Tizilombo timalimbana kwambiri ndi kuzizira ndipo timadzuka kuchokera ku hibernation ndi maonekedwe a zigamba zoyamba zosungunuka. Chiwopsezo choyamba cha ntchito yawo munyengoyi chimagwera pa Epulo-Meyi: panthawiyi, otaya magazi amakhala ankhanza kwambiri chifukwa cha njala ndikuukira nyama zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.
Pakati pa chilimwe, ntchito ya nkhupakupa imachepa - nthawiyi imatha mpaka August.
Kumapeto kwa chilimwe / koyambilira kwa autumn, kuwonjezereka kwina kwa ntchito kumayamba; amasiya ntchito yawo yofunika ndi chipale chofewa. Akuluakulu okha ndi omwe amatha kupulumuka m'nyengo yozizira, mphutsi ndi nymphs zomwe zilibe nthawi yofa molt.
Adani achilengedwe a nthata za dambo
Chilengedwe chasamalira kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhupakupa kusachuluke kosatha. Omwa magazi ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mndandanda wa chakudya ndipo ndiwofunikira kwambiri. Nkhupakupa zimakhala ndi adani achilengedwe okwanira, zimadyedwa:
- mbalame (makamaka mpheta, thrushes, ana anyenyezi, oluka nkhupakupa, kukoka);
- tizilombo tina (akangaude, kafadala, nyerere, okwera, dragonflies, mavu);
- zokwawa (abuluzi, achule ndi achule).
Adani oipitsitsa a nkhupakupa ndi fungal spores zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a arthropods.
Chifukwa chiyani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi oopsa?
Malovu a nkhupakupa amatha kukhala ndi ma virus ndi mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa matenda owopsa kwa anthu:
- Encephalitis yopangidwa ndi nkhupakupa. Amatengedwa kuti ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri kuposa onse omwe nkhupakupa zimanyamula. Matendawa amakhudza chapakati mantha dongosolo la munthu, ambiri a kachilombo anthu olumala. Chifukwa cha matenda a encephalitis, zovuta zamanjenje ndi zamaganizo zimachitika: ziwalo, paresis, kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi ntchito zapamwamba zamaganizidwe.
- Tularemia. Zizindikiro za matenda ndi chizindikiro kukulitsa mwanabele, malungo aakulu ndi mutu, tulo chisokonezo. Tularemia ikhoza kuyambitsa zovuta zazikulu monga nyamakazi, meningitis, encephalitis, chibayo, ndi kugwedezeka kwa poizoni. Matendawa amathandizidwa ndi maantibayotiki m'chipatala.
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever. Imaonekera mu mawonekedwe a hemorrhagic totupa pakhungu, lakuthwa kuwonjezeka kutentha, minofu ndi mutu.
- Piroplasmosis (babesiosis). Ziweto zimagwidwa ndi matendawa, koma anthu amatha kutenga kachilomboka ngati chitetezo chawo cha mthupi chachepa kwambiri. Nyama zomwe zili ndi piroplasmosis nthawi zambiri zimafa, makamaka ngati chithandizo sichinayambike pa nthawi yake. Zizindikiro za babesiosis: kutentha thupi, kusinthika kwa mucous nembanemba ndi mkodzo, kusokonezeka kwa m'mimba.
Njira zowononga tizilombo
Njira zolimbana ndi dermacentor marginatus ndizofanana ndi ixodid zina.
Njira zothandizira
Pofuna kupewa kuukira kwa bloodsucker yoopsa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchita zotsatirazi:
- kuchita katemera wodzitetezera kwa anthu ndi ziweto;
- kugwiritsa ntchito zovala zodzitetezera poyenda m'malo okhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kupewa malo otseguka a thupi;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othamangitsa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo;
- kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse pakuyenda kwa thupi ndi zovala za maonekedwe a nkhupakupa pa iwo;
- kuchotsa m'dera la deadwood, zomera ndi zinyalala zina, kupewa kutaya zinyalala m'gawo.
Zochita zolimbana
Njira zowononga m'malo, pazigawo ndi mahema zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala apadera ophera tizilombo ndi acaricidal monga fumbi ndi ma aerosols.
Kukonza kungathe kuchitidwa paokha kapena ndikuchita nawo ntchito zapadera.
Kuti awononge tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa zinyama, chithandizo cha acaricidal chikuchitika ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka ndi Chowona Zanyama.
Chitetezo ku kulumidwa ndi tizilombo towopsa
Nazi zambiri zamomwe mungadzitetezere ku meadow tick kuluma:
- Poyenda m'malo omwe angakhale oopsa, muyenera kusankha zovala zamitundu yopepuka - ndizosavuta kuzindikira tizilombo tomwe timakhalapo. Jacket, sweti ziyenera kuikidwa mu mathalauza, ndi mathalauza - mu masokosi ndi nsapato. Onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito chipewa (makamaka mpango) ndi hood. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nkhupakupa imakwawa kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba.
- Onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othamangitsidwa ndi tizilombo, acaricidal. Oyamba amawopseza magazi ndi fungo, omaliza amawawononga powapuwala. Kwa anthu, mankhwala amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a sprays, aerosols, mafuta odzola. Kwa nyama - mu mawonekedwe a makolala, madontho pa zofota ndi zopopera.
- Pakuyenda komanso kubwerera kunyumba, m'pofunika kufufuza mosamala thupi. Nkhupakupa zimasankha kuluma madera omwe ali ndi khungu losakhwima komanso lochepa thupi: dera lakumbuyo kwa makutu, mu groin, khosi, pamimba, pansi pa bondo, zigongono.